Hunting Evidence from Eneolithic Site of Getahovit-2 Cave; Armenia
Zarikian Noushig,
Kalantarian Iren
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
24-29
Received:
22 August 2019
Accepted:
6 September 2019
Published:
20 September 2019
Abstract: Wildlife in Armenia was always varied due to the different geographic landscapes and biotopes, between the valleys, mountains, forests, and plateaus of the country. A wide range of large mammals inhabited the Southern Caucasus. In Armenia, animal habitat varied through time, both during the Pleistocene and the Holocene and hunting activities were the focus of Paleolithic meat-based subsistence. In 2018, the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography NAS RA carried out the excavations, with the financial support of Ijevan Wine-Brandy Factory 2. Two Chalcolithic period layers were excavated mainly that presented the early phase and which were separated from the previous occupations of the same period by the thick layer of sterile and the muddy sediment full of small stones. During the Chalcolithic period, the groups practicing the transhumance, hunting and gathering seasonally had occupied the cave. Considerable numbers of osteological material imply the existence of hunting and gathering activity around the cave. The present study examines the wild animal remains in addition; backed points, blades and some fragments also exhibit evidence for hunting activities. Those that could be identified to species appear to be Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes and mainly Capreolus capreolus. The fracture analysis confirms that the occupation of this small cave was closely related mainly to the hunting activity.
Abstract: Wildlife in Armenia was always varied due to the different geographic landscapes and biotopes, between the valleys, mountains, forests, and plateaus of the country. A wide range of large mammals inhabited the Southern Caucasus. In Armenia, animal habitat varied through time, both during the Pleistocene and the Holocene and hunting activities were t...
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The Chalcolithization Process: Dynamics of Shiqmim Site-cluster (Northern Negev, Israel)
Augustin Ferdinand Charles Holl
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
30-46
Received:
19 June 2019
Accepted:
27 July 2019
Published:
24 September 2019
Abstract: The Northern Negev Chalcolithic Period is supposed to have lasted for approximately 1000 years, from ca. 4500 to 3500 BCE. Its beginning and end, as well as internal evolution are hotly debated topics. Archaeological evidence features the accelerated diversification of Late Neolithic mixed-farming societies and expansion into new territories. Some of these groups, through a “chalcolithization” process, adopted copper metallurgy, polychrome pottery and V-shape bowls. There is a punctuated shift with an initial differential adoption of new cultural practices that rippled afterward across the whole Levant through population admixtures. The internal dynamics of the Southern Levantine Chalcolithic societies is generally addressed through an inadequate time-frame and field methodology, ie stretched inferences derived from a single-site in an undifferentiated Chalcolithic time block. The Shiqmim hamlets project carried out in 1993, -with its own limitations-, allows to discuss the formation and evolution of a tight chalcolithic site-cluster. As featured in this paper, the analysis of the internal dynamics of chalcolithic societies requires a regional framework, a fine-grained rendering of sites occupation histories, and a high-resolution chronology.
Abstract: The Northern Negev Chalcolithic Period is supposed to have lasted for approximately 1000 years, from ca. 4500 to 3500 BCE. Its beginning and end, as well as internal evolution are hotly debated topics. Archaeological evidence features the accelerated diversification of Late Neolithic mixed-farming societies and expansion into new territories. Some ...
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Effect Titanium Dioxide / Paraloid B.72 Nanocomposite Coating on Protection of Treated Cu-Zn Archaeological Alloys
Abeer Gharib,
Manal Ahmed Maher,
Sameh Hamed Ismail,
Gehad Genidy Mohamed
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
47-54
Received:
19 October 2019
Accepted:
14 November 2019
Published:
25 November 2019
Abstract: Copper alloy samples are subjected to climate chamber test to simulate corrosion compounds of copper artifacts in atmospheric environment. Relative humidity and air pollution considered as an essential source of deterioration and corrosion of archaeological objects. Corroded copper coupons were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) to identify elemental composition of coupon samples and the corrosion products. Mechanical cleaning was used in order to clean the copper coupon surface and carried out nanocomposite coating on treated copper surface. To evaluate performance of titanium dioxide TiO2 / Paraloid B.72 nanocomposite, the nanocomposite coating applied as a thin film at different times (10, 15, 30 minutes). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of nanocomposite coating layers on treated copper coupons showed different results; that the best layer was obtained from the coupon which immersed in nanocomposite coating for 15min. To prove successes of TiO2 / Paraloid B.72 nanocomposite as a good protection coating applied on treated copper objects. Nanocomposite coating of TiO2 / Paraloid B.72 were examined under X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Contact angle, which revealed control the wettability and TiO2 / Paraloid B.72 nanocomposite is completely covers and protects the copper substrate without any degradation.
Abstract: Copper alloy samples are subjected to climate chamber test to simulate corrosion compounds of copper artifacts in atmospheric environment. Relative humidity and air pollution considered as an essential source of deterioration and corrosion of archaeological objects. Corroded copper coupons were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and s...
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