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On Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
34-44
Received:
2 July 2021
Accepted:
14 July 2021
Published:
27 July 2021
Abstract: In the same issue of Nature that the radiocarbon dating results for the Shroud of Turin were published, Phillips hypothesized that neutron radiation could have altered the reported dates. In addition to making the Shroud appear younger than its true age, neutron radiation would have produced significant amounts of radioactive chlorine 36Cl in the Shroud. Two earlier papers showed that ultraviolet (uv) fluorescence intensity is non-uniform over the surface of the Shroud. The right side of the Shroud fluoresces more than the left side, and the Shroud’s dorsal side fluoresces more than its frontal side. The highest uv fluorescence occurs in the center of the Shroud’s dorsal side. The shape of the Shroud’s average uv fluorescence intensity spatial variations very closely matches the shape of the spatial radiocarbon dating variations calculated by Rucker in his computer simulation of Phillips’ neutron hypothesis. Experimental results given here for neutron irradiated modern linen demonstrate that such radiation increases the uv fluorescence intensity of linen. Experimental results also show that neutron radiation greatly increases the 36Cl content of modern linen. Thus, neutron radiation can explain both the Shroud’s anomalous radiocarbon dating and its unique spatial uv fluorescence properties. In order to test Phillips’ hypothesis additional research on the Shroud is required, and suggestions for such follow up research are given.
Abstract: In the same issue of Nature that the radiocarbon dating results for the Shroud of Turin were published, Phillips hypothesized that neutron radiation could have altered the reported dates. In addition to making the Shroud appear younger than its true age, neutron radiation would have produced significant amounts of radioactive chlorine 36Cl in the S...
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An Introduction to the Motifs of the Petroglyphs in Darreh Sabz, the Green Valley, Located in the Southeast of Kurdistan Province
Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei,
Ali Behnia
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
45-49
Received:
9 August 2021
Accepted:
26 August 2021
Published:
31 August 2021
Abstract: Mountainous plains located in the middle of the Zagros Mountains in Ghorveh have attracted different ethnic groups and provided suitable opportunities for living and continuity the human life process since ancient times throughout history due to enjoying suitable environmental conditions. There is a site of rock art in the southeast of Kurdistan, located in the village of Zarrineh, called Darreh Sabz, the Green Valley. Some of its figures and motifs contain important elements comparable in terms of style and morphology to the lithographs of different regions in Iran and also other similar sites in Kurdistan. Some of these motifs and figures have been created on the rocks in overlappingintervals during several different periods. The petroglyphs found in Darreh Sabz, Green Valley, include human-like motifs in various combinations and poses, horse and rider, and motifs of animal figures including goats, rams, ewes, camels and other motifs in the form of graphic and abstract elements and also geometric shapes and symbols. Generally, the present survey is an attempt to introduce and examine the lithographic symbols of the Green Valley. This article is based on. To do this, the methodology used in this research is historical-analytical descriptive method which is based on field studies and library documents. In examining and analyzing the Green Valley rock arts, we have come across a number of questions including the form and the whole subject matter taken into account in creating the rock art drawings, their creators and artists and also the purpose of creating these drawings, motifs and figures on a rocky outcrop and out of sight of the general public in those periods of time. Based on the findings of this study, there are no images, figures and motifs without conveying some specific concept and meaning among the drawings of the Green Valley.
Abstract: Mountainous plains located in the middle of the Zagros Mountains in Ghorveh have attracted different ethnic groups and provided suitable opportunities for living and continuity the human life process since ancient times throughout history due to enjoying suitable environmental conditions. There is a site of rock art in the southeast of Kurdistan, l...
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Metal Axes of the Kolontaiv-Corbaska Type of Ukrainian Catacomb Culture Circle and Its Connections to Helladic Area
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
50-54
Received:
22 September 2021
Accepted:
15 October 2021
Published:
28 October 2021
Abstract: In 1970 A. Vulpe described the new type of copper axes, which were found in Central Europe – it was given a name Veselinovo. This type is identical to the late variants of Kolontaiv-Corbaska type of the Catacomb culture of South-Eastern Europe. The complete classification of said type was recently developed by myself. The recent findings in so-called Rodotopi hoard in Ioannina include the axes of the late variant of this type. The spectral analysis of axes in both hoard of Rodotopi and Kolontaiv-Corbaska type axes coming from archaeological memorials of Catacomb culture in Ukraine shows that raw materials of both groups of items are similar. These axes, in my opinion, are the markers of connections between North Pontic Region and the Mycenae Greece during the Catacomb period of Bronze Age. In this article I describe axes of different-time Kolontaiv-Corbaska type variants, which were found in Catacomb culture memorials in Ukrainian territory. Secondly, I analyze late variants of Kolontaiv-Corbaska type axes and recently discovered findings from the hoard of Rodotopi using the comparing method. As the result, the following hypothesis is suggested: during migration processes, which took place in the end of third – beginning of second millennia BC, the Indo-European peoples from Southern Ukrainian territories, migrated south to the modern Bulgaria and Northern Greece, where they participated in the formation of Mycenae Greek culture.
Abstract: In 1970 A. Vulpe described the new type of copper axes, which were found in Central Europe – it was given a name Veselinovo. This type is identical to the late variants of Kolontaiv-Corbaska type of the Catacomb culture of South-Eastern Europe. The complete classification of said type was recently developed by myself. The recent findings in so-call...
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Sri Lanka and Greco-Roman Maritime Trade Relations (According to Literary Sources & Archaeological Evidence)
Don Sashika Anushan Munasinghe
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
55-61
Received:
26 May 2021
Accepted:
10 June 2021
Published:
23 November 2021
Abstract: Sri Lanka had maritime trade relations even in the 6th century BC and we had famous naval ports used for maritime trade specially for maritime ‘Silk Road’ used by people who was in Greco-Roman, China, India, Persia for their foreign trade. Therefore Sri Lanka was able to make new economic relationships. In this study, we mainly focused on Sri Lankan maritime trade relationship with Greco-Roman. Our research problem is, what was the trade relationship between Sri Lanka and Greco-Roman ?. Our objective is to identify the importance of Sri Lanka along with the Greco-Roman trade. This study was conducted under the qualitative research method using a library survey. From these three sources Literary sources, especially foreign texts have many records about Sri Lanka and Greco-Roman trade. Some of those authors were Cosmos, Pliny, Ptolemy and Strabo. Some archaeological evidence found from ports like Mantai, Godawaya and Kingdoms like Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa. The main archaeological evidence is Roman and Indo-Roman coins for the trade relationship between Sri Lanka and Greco-Roman. Certain Indian factors were also important in conducting this research because Sri Lankan trade had a close relationship with Indian trade also. From this research we understood that there was an internal transport system in Sri Lanka, Roman trade was spread many places in Sri Lanka, in some times India and Persia acted as intermediaries between Sri Lanka and Greco-Roman trade and the main point we identified was, Sri Lanka was a core in the ancient trade system and by the fifth century AD, Sri Lanka was one of the main trade centres in the Indian Ocean.
Abstract: Sri Lanka had maritime trade relations even in the 6th century BC and we had famous naval ports used for maritime trade specially for maritime ‘Silk Road’ used by people who was in Greco-Roman, China, India, Persia for their foreign trade. Therefore Sri Lanka was able to make new economic relationships. In this study, we mainly focused on Sri Lanka...
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Funerary Practices in Archaeology: Pluralities & Heritage
Maria Aparecida Silva Oliveira,
Sérgio Francisco Serafim Monteiro Silva
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
62-73
Received:
30 August 2021
Accepted:
28 September 2021
Published:
23 November 2021
Abstract: This article presents an aspect of the configuration of the studies of funerary practices in archaeology, first in terms of their plural perspectives and intersecting spaces, such as mortuary studies, funerary archaeology, social bioarchaeology and archaeology-anthropology of death; and in a second moment, with emphasis on the issue of cemeteries as historical archaeological heritage. It was based on an article initially published in Revista Clio Série Arqueológica, a periodical of the Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil, which dealt with the issue of the relationship between funerary sites, funerary practices and archaeological heritage. From a review of the random archaeological bibliography, the intersections between a general archaeological theory of material culture and as bioarchaeologies were verified, on the one hand in the international perspective and hermetic legislation and burial terminologies, on the other hand, in the perspective of the case from Brazil. In the first case, hypotheses were formulated to characterize funerary contexts and non-funerary contexts in relation to funerary cycles. In the second case, exemplified sites and funerary terminologies linked with the proper funerary contexts - the heritage-cemeteries in the case of Brazil. Heritage-cemeteries contain objects of material culture, closely related to human skeletal remains, comprising artifacts or primordial, symbolic, sensitive structures, representing an innovative intersectional area, with the body amalgamated with artifacts and funerary structures, within the studies of funeral practices, perhaps necessarily, in the underground and aboveground approaches.
Abstract: This article presents an aspect of the configuration of the studies of funerary practices in archaeology, first in terms of their plural perspectives and intersecting spaces, such as mortuary studies, funerary archaeology, social bioarchaeology and archaeology-anthropology of death; and in a second moment, with emphasis on the issue of cemeteries a...
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Using Acacia Nilotica Plant as an Anti-Bacterial and Fungal with Its Applied on an Archaeological Organic and Inorganic
Ahmed Hosni,
Reham Abuel-Ela,
Mahmoud Menshawy
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
74-78
Received:
1 November 2021
Accepted:
17 November 2021
Published:
10 December 2021
Abstract: The antifungal and bacterial industry has witnessed a great growth, as the number of discovered antigens has reached nearly 2,500, but only about 60 species are actually used in the life field. Chemically manufactured products may have a negative effect and this effect may extend to the point of destruction, so the trend now in the manufacture of anti-fungal and bacterial is to use the organic antibiotics extracted from the original plant Specially In the pharmaceutical industry in gum and dental infections and eliminating bacterial growth in them, as well as it was used as an effective anti-toxin for the body, so we chose here to use the Acacia Nilotica plant as an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal. its use on the effects is safe and easy to use, so the Acacia Nilotica plant was prepared in the laboratory as a suspension solution and it was applied topically on four different types of bacteria and two fungi, After observing the positive effect resulting from the application of the Acacia Nilotica plant to the experimental samples using camera imaging, Acacia Nilotica plant was applied to an example of For organic traces (a page from a manuscript), and an example of inorganic traces is (a wall in a tomb contains a mural), and from this research we can apply the antifungal and bacterial extracted from plants to treatment the archaeological organic and inorganic infected in an easy, safe and effective way.
Abstract: The antifungal and bacterial industry has witnessed a great growth, as the number of discovered antigens has reached nearly 2,500, but only about 60 species are actually used in the life field. Chemically manufactured products may have a negative effect and this effect may extend to the point of destruction, so the trend now in the manufacture of a...
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Microscopic Studies on Wooden Holder of Decorative Glass Remaining from Middle Elamite Era (1280 B.C)
Navid Salehvand,
Shamim Amiri,
Sara Hosseinzadegan,
Mohammad Khazaei
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
79-85
Received:
10 November 2021
Accepted:
3 December 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
Abstract: Wood is made of organic components including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with traces of inorganics. Thus, it is possible to investigate a wooden material status using both molecular spectroscopies and elemental analysis. Degradable intrinsic of wood causes having it rarely found through archaeological excavations of ancient sites. Therefore, archeologists will be delighted with finding an intact wooden tool because it enables them to configure virtually the structure of the other ancient stuff found at the same place and conclude meaningfully about their application taking into account the location of excavation. In this article, identification of a piece of wooden rod discovered in Chogha Zanbil (Al-Untash-Napirisha) was performed using an optical microscope and SEM, EDS and, FTIR. Optical microscope helped to find the genus of the wood which was further confirmed by SEM images. Elemental analysis results of the rod using EDS were in accordance with the previous findings in the literature. FTIR worked out all the bonds between building up atoms prooving the wooden structure. These characterizations have revealed that the wood belongs to date palm tree. In fact, this piece of wood was being used to hold the cone-shaped glass on the door surface of the temple in the middle Elamite era (1280 B.C).
Abstract: Wood is made of organic components including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with traces of inorganics. Thus, it is possible to investigate a wooden material status using both molecular spectroscopies and elemental analysis. Degradable intrinsic of wood causes having it rarely found through archaeological excavations of ancient sites. Therefor...
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